Which phenomenon is characterized by a loss of engine power along with a rapid increase in cylinder temperature?

The phenomenon characterized by a loss of engine power along with a rapid increase in cylinder temperature is known as detonation. Detonation occurs when the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder ignites prematurely, leading to a sudden and uncontrolled combustion. This causes the rapid increase in cylinder temperature and pressure, which can result in a significant loss of engine power.

Detonation can be particularly damaging, as it places excessive stress on engine components and can lead to engine failure if not addressed. It is often caused by factors such as low fuel quality, incorrect spark timing, or excessive engine heat. Recognizing detonation is crucial for pilots and operators, as it can help avoid potential engine damage and maintain aircraft performance.

In contrast, the other options involve different issues. Pre-ignition refers to the ignition of the fuel-air mixture before the spark plug fires, backfiring typically occurs when combustion happens in the intake or exhaust system, and overheating represents a general state of excessive heat in the engine but doesn't necessarily correlate with a loss of power in the same way that detonation does.